John Grierson
John Grierson was one of the first people to use the term ‘documentary’. He declared the documentary to be ‘a creative treatment of actuality’ where early had god narration. He laid some production elements based on what they saw on Grierson, these including footage to tell a dramatic story, documentary interview, post-sync audio and multi-layered sound audio. Grierson project was to create a social democracy but for that to work he needed to citizens to make informed choices. Becoming the new social education delivery system. In his first ever film, drifters, he demonstrated new ways of the use of film by using cinematic power of unstaged actuality, with this using Drifters with a mix of studio and real footage.
Biesterfeld, P. (2019). A Profile of John Grierson, Godfather of DocCinema – Videomaker. [online] Videomaker. Available at: https://www.videomaker.com/article/c06/19062-a-profile-of-john-grierson-godfather-of-doccinema [Accessed 8 Feb. 2019].
Arthur Elton
Joined the Empire Marketing Board which was run by Grierson where was eventually run by him after Grierson left. He worked on multiple film as a director and producer where in 1932s film ‘voice of the world’ was sponsored by his Masters voice. The first example of industrial sponsorship of a documentary. He wanted to make videos that talk to people, for or about Britain’s working people. An example of this is the film Housing Problems in 1935 where the interviews are real footage but the shots were static. The points of the film was mainly directed by the voice overs but to show conditions of which people lived in.
Russell, P. (2019). BFI Screenonline: Elton, Sir Arthur (1906-1973) Biography. [online] Screenonline.org.uk. Available at: http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/513790/index.html [Accessed 9 Feb. 2019].
Basil Wright
He wanted to become a creative writer and became involved in Europe’s advanced cinema and started to film things with his own camera. When joining Grierson company he started off by editing to fit EMB purposes. The Song of Ceylon was made when there wasn’t much existence of the mix of sound and video. This film was known for the complex soundtrack, spoken commentary and disjunctive combinations of sound and image. Cultures being shown in a different way from photographs, showing more into Sinhalese life.
Brown, G. and Sexton, J. (2019). BFI Screenonline: Wright, Basil (1907-1987) Biography. [online] Screenonline.org.uk. Available at: http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/454662/index.html [Accessed 9 Feb. 2019].
Harry Watt
Harry Watt just like the other few names joined up with Griersons company. Failed a degree when going to Edinburgh University. The had a small stint at merchant navy and industrial farms. Night mail was a film he was involved with but is was one of the most critical films to be produced but the British documentary film movement. Also being the most commercially successful made by the movement. The production of routine films promoted of Post Office services, ambitious productions challenged and experimented with the use of sound, visual style, narrative and editing technique. Basil Wright and Harry Watt wrote the film.
Enticknap, L. (2019). BFI Screenonline: Watt, Harry (1906-1987) Biography. [online] Screenonline.org.uk. Available at: http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/548238/ [Accessed 9 Feb. 2019].
Aitken, I. (2019). BFI Screenonline: Night Mail (1936). [online] Screenonline.org.uk. Available at: http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/530415/index.html [Accessed 9 Feb. 2019].
Humphrey Jennings
Humphrey was a filmmaker but also became a photographer, literary critic, theatrical designer, poet, painter and theorist of modern art. By the time 1936 came he had become a leading Modernist and organised the International Surrealist Exhibition in London. Within the film their are shots that show his artistic side for example the Thames sailing barge and the munitions ship being safely underway at the end. Even with the sound, gave a new lease of life in the film industry.
http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/454265/index.html
http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/453623/index.html
Documentaries have evolved to be more relevant by keeping up with audience changes as well as the trends new audiences can give. By doing this they have had to borrow from fiction, moving to structures to narrative techniques and characterisation. With this before 1960 cameras were heavy and wasn’t very portable where as they are portable and are less weighty.
Narrowcasting tries to target a smaller audience that are more defined within society. They are more likely to have less ratings than broadcasters like YouTube, ITV, BBC and so on as they target audience are based on their demographic desire. Broadcasters like Instagram, Facebook and YouTube try and compete with each other for shares, people viewing videos uploaded and so on. To try and keep up with each other they try out new things for example Instagram brining out IGTV with vertical videos and longer uploads.